Polychloroprene (CR)
Description: Raw monomeric chloroprene is a colourless fluid. It is insoluble in water but soluble in most organic solvents and has got a tendency towards
Encyclopedia
Within our encyclopedia, you will find information about materials, especially polymers. Polymers, known from daily use or application specific polymers with special properties are introduced and, if available, publicated with producing companies and their tradenames.
Additionally, our encyclopedia contains explanations for terms, methods, concepts and physical quantities that we are daily faced with during our work with permeation and polymers.
A
Acidic Acrylic-acid-ionomers of ethyleneAcrylate-rubber (ACM)Acrylic-Butadiene-Styrene-copolymers (ABS)Acrylic glassAcrylic-nitrile-Butadiene-Rubber (Buna-N) (NBR)Acrylic-nitrile-Methyl-Acrylate-copolymers (AMA)Acrylic-nitrile-Styrene-Acrylic-ester-polymer-alloy (ASA) Activation energy Arrhenius equation ASTM
B
Barrier Barrier Coating Barrier Packaging BiotechnologyBisphenol ABromine-butyl-Rubber (BIIR) Butadiene-Rubber (BR)
C
CALIBRATING FLUID II , MIL-PRF-7024F TYPE II
Carboxylated-Nitrile-Butadiene-Rubber (XNBR)Catalysis CatalystCellulose Acetate (CA)ChemicalChemistryChlorine-Sulfonated-Polyethylene (CSM or CSPE)Chloro-isobutene-isoprene rubber (Chlorobutyl Rubber, CIIR) Chloroprene-Rubber (CR)Combinatorial chemistry Composite Composite HoseCyclic Olefine Copolymers (COC)
D
DiffusionDiffusion coefficient Diffusion rate DIN Drying of gases
E
E-85 FuelEpichlorohydrin-Rubber (CO and ECO; CO = homopolymer; ECO = copolymer)Epoxy Resins (EP)Ethylene-Acrylate Copolymer (EAR)Ethylene-Acrylate-rubber (AEM)Ethylene-Acrylic-Acid-copolymer (EAA)Ethylene-Chlorotrifluoroethylene-Fluorocopolymer (ECTFE)Ethylene-Propylene-(Diene-)Rubber (EPM and EPDM; EPM = copolymer; EPDM = terpolymer) Ethylene–Tetrafluoroethylene-Fluorocopolymer (ETFE) Ethylene-Tetrafluoroethylene-Hexafluoropropylene-Fluoroterpolymer (EFEP)Ethylene-Vinyl-Acetate-Copolymers (EVA) Ethylene-Vinyl-Alcohol-Copolymer (EVOH)
F
Facilitated DiffusionFAM A FAM BFeedFFKM (Perfluorinated rubber) FKM (Fluoroelastomers) FluorelastomersFluoropolymers Fluororubber (FPM) Fluoro-Silicone-Rubbers (MFQ or FVMQ)Foamable polystyrene (EPS) FuelFuel C Fuel Cell TechnologyFuel Tank TechnologyFunctionalised Polymers
G
Gas seperation Glass transition temperature (Tg) Granule
H
High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) High-Density-Polyethylene, HDPE (hard PE)Hydrogenated Polyacrylic-Nitrile Butadiene (HNBR)- EPM (copolymer); EPDM (terpolymer)Hygroscopic
I
Ion ISO ISO 4593 ISO/DIS 15105-1Isobutene-Isoprene-Rubber (IIR) Isoprene-Rubber (polyisoprene IR)
J
Jet Fuel RF
L
LaminateLiquid-Crystal-Polymers (LCP)Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE)
M
M 25Melamine-Formaldehyde (MF)MembraneMIL-C-7024E, Typ III Multilayer film
N
Nafion (copolymer made from PTFE and perflourinate Monomer)Natural Rubber (NR)
P
Parylene Perflourated-dimethyl-dioxole/Tetraflourinated-ethylene-copolymer (PDD/TFE)Permeability Permeat Permeation cell Permeation coefficient Permeation measurement cell Permeation ratePermeation rate measurement Permeation tubePhenolic plastics, phenoplastic moulding compounds (PF)Polyacetal or Polyoxymethylene (POM) Poly-acrylic-acid Poly-acrylic-acid-amidePoly-Acrylic-Nitrile (PAN) Polyamide (PA) Polyamide-Imide (PAI) Polyarylate (PAR)Poly-Benzimidazole (PBI) Polybutene (Polybutylene, PB) Polybutylene-Terephthalate (PBT) Polycarbonates (PC) Polychlorinated Terphenylenes (PCT)Polychloroprene (CR) Polychlorotrifluoroethylene (PCTFE) Polycyclohexylenedimethylene-Ethylene-Terephthalat Polyester (general)Polyesterurethane (AU) Polyether-Block-Amide (PEBA) Poly-Ether-Ether-Ketone (PEEK) Polyetherimide (PEI) Polyethersulfone (PESU) Polyetherurethane (EU) Polyethylene (PE) Polyethyleneglycol Polyethylenenaphthalate (PEN) Polyethylenesuccinate (PES) Polyethyleneterephthalate (PET)Polyimide (PI)Polyisobutylene (Butyl rubber) Polyketone (PK)PolymerPolymer alloyPolymer-Blend Polymer characterisation Poly-Methyl-Methacrylate (PMMA)Polynorbornene (PNB)Polyorganophosphazene (PPZ) Poly-Phenylene-oxide (PPO) Poly-Phenylene-sulfide (PPS) Polypropylene (PP) Polystyrene (PS)Polysulfide rubber (SR) Polysulfone (PSU) Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Polyurethane-Foam (PUR) Poly-Vinylacetate Poly-Vinylalcohol (PVA) Poly-Vinylchloride (PVC) Polyvinylfluoride (PVF) Poly-Vinylidene-Chloride (PVDC) Polyvinylidenefluoride (PVDF)Pouch Method
R
Resin Retentat RFID
S
SemipermeableSilicone (SI) <a title="Silicone rubbers can be used for a
Time-lag
Description: Time needed by a chemical for permeating through a material. An important characteristic, e.g. for gloves, which can be determined. Relevant question for this
Chlorine-Sulfonated-Polyethylene (CSM or CSPE)
Description: Chlorine-sulfonated polyethylene containing 1.5% sulfur and 27% chlorine. Its properties are comparable to those of chlorine-butadiene-rubber CR. Because of the chlorine atoms contained within
Transponder
Description: A transponder is a transmitting unit with a defined frequency range. It is used for (mainly wireless) communication, displaying or controlling tasks. It receives
Tetrafluoroethylene-Hexafluoropropylene-Vinylidenefluoride- Fluoroterpolymer (TFB)
Description: TFB is a thermoplastic fluoroterpolymer, which consists of tetrafluoroethylene (TFE), hexafluoropropylene (HFP) and vinylidenefluoride (VDF). TFB is also known as THV® from Dyneon. The
Permeation tubes
Description: Permeation tubes are small, inert tubes containing a chemical compund in its pure form. The chemical is in a two phase equilibrium (either between
Ethylene-Vinyl-Alcohol-Copolymer (EVOH)
Description: Produced by hydrolysing ethylene-vinyl-acetate polymers. EVOH features good barrier qualities, mechanical stability, elasticity, brightness, transparence and resistance to weather and abrasion. Usage: Packagings and
Poly-Phenylene-Oxide (PPO)
Description: PPOs are a family of amorphous, intransparent, light-grey-colored thermoplastics. They feature an outstanding stability at high temperatures and therefore can be applied within a
Diffusion
Description: Diffusion is the mechanism causing microscopic particles from fluids or gases to spread out freely and evenly within a given volume or through (semi-)permeable
Polyethylene (PE)
Description: Raw PE can be obtained in form of a milky white, partly crystalline powder by polymerisation of ethylene (high-pressure, mid-pressure and normal-pressure method). It
E-85 Fuel
Description: Testing fuel for determining permeation and resistance properties in general. Composition: 79 – 86 vol% Ethanol Depending on amount of ethanol: 14-21 vol% Hydrocarbon
Carboxylated-Nitrile-Butadiene-Rubber (XNBR)
Description: Produced by adding a carboxylic acid group to a nitrile-rubber, this material contains more cross-linking points than the common NBR. The result is a
Fluororubber (FPM)
Description: FPM is an elastomer based on fluoro-rubber. FPM is characterised by his resistance to heat, chemicals, atmospheric exposure and ozone. FPM is resistant in
Chemistry
Description: Chemistry means the science dealing with the structure and the behaviour of matter as well as with the according principles. Category:Definition
Polymer
Description: A polymer is a chemical compund that consists of molecule chains (macromolecules). The process of formation of the chains, i. e. the linking of
Permeation rate
Description: Permeation rate is a measurement for the amount of substance (permeate) permeating through a solid within a certain time. The rate indicates the amount
Vinylidenefluoride-Hexafluoropropylene-Fluorocopolymer (VDF/HFP)
Description: Odourless, transparent and thermoplastic fluorocopolymer consisting of vinylidenefluoride and hexafluoropropylene. Usage: envelope for fibre-glass circuit envelope for cupper cables Formula: Category:Thermoplastic
Facilitated Diffusion
Description: The process called facilitated diffusion takes place when a substance passes through a membrane being conveyed to the other side by a so-called carrier.
Acidic Acrylic-acid-ionomers of ethylene
Description: Containing a quite small number of ionised acid groups, these ionomers are characterised by good flexibility and impact strength within a wide range of
Acrylic-nitrile-Methyl-Acrylate-copolymers (AMA)
Description: Transparent, modiefied Nitrile with excellent chemical stability, high gas barrier and high resistance module. The permeabiliy of AMA is independendent of the presence or
Acrylic-nitrile-Butadiene-Rubber (Buna-N) (NBR)
Description: Copolymere consisting of butadiene and acrylic nitrile. Good resistance to hydrocarbons out of mineral oil or fuels. There are different product qualities, depending on
Ethylene-Propylene-(Diene-)Rubber (EPM and EPDM; EPM = copolymer; EPDM = terpolymer)
Description: Application temperatures up to ca. +130°C, resistant to water, steam and weather.EPDM can be vulcanised with sulfur; EPM can be cross-linked using peroxides. Usage:
Solvent
Description: Solvents are fluids that are able to contain gases, solids, and other fluids without undergoing chemical reactions. Category:Definition
Epoxy Resins (EP)
Description: These polyethers containing cross-linkable glycidyl groups are usually produced by polimerisation of Bisphenol A and epichlorohydrin or reacting phenolic novolak with epichlorohydrin. Usage: Protective
Composite
Description: Composites are materials consisting of several other materials, whereby all technical relevant properties are enhanced during the synthesis. Compounds for composites are mainly polymers,
Melamine-Formaldehyde (MF)
Descpription: Also called melamine resin; temperable condensation product of melamine and formaldehyde; colourless and transparent. MF features high surface hardness, abrasion-resistance and resistance to fire,
(general) Acrylate-rubber (ACM)
Description: features an excellent resistance to heat and hot oil. ACM ist also resistant to heay oils (sulfuric, amine or saponifying cross-linking). Covers a range
DIN EN ISO 6179
Title: Rubber, vulcanized or thermoplastic – Rubber sheets and rubber-coated fabrics – Determination of transmission rate of volatile liquids (gravimetric technique) (ISO 6179:1998); German version
Perflourated-dimethyl-dioxole/Tetraflourinated-ethylen-Copolymer (PDD/TFE)
Description: Thermoplastic of milky white color that feels like wax. Because of its special properties, this material has a unique position compared to other thermoplastics.
Pouch Method
Description: Technique for permeation rate measurement of a fluid through a film-like polymer. The material of which the permeation rate has to be determined is
TF 1
Description: Testing fuel for determining permeation and resistance properties in general. Composition: 10 vol% Ethanol 90 vol% Fuel C Category:Testing Fuel
Barrier Coating
Description: Coating that prevents a substance from permeating through a such protected surface. Materials whose permeability is low in genereal are preferred, e.g. aluminium. In
ISO/DIS 15105-1
Beschreibung: Norming data sheet dealing with “Plastics – Film and sheeting – determination of the gas transmision rate, part 1: the differential pressure method”. It
ISO 4593
Description: Norming data sheet dealing with “Plastics – Film and sheeting – determination of the the thickness by mechanical scanning”. The method is not suitable
Polybutene (Polybutylene, PB)
Description: Flexible and linear structured polyolefines; the homopolymers are produced from But-1-en, the copolymers contain ethylenes. Some of their important characteristics are: excellent resistance to
Functionalised polymers
Description: Functionalised polymers are chemical compounds composed of molecular chains (macromolecules) with funtionalised side chains. Category:Definition
Polynorbornen (PNB)
Description: PNB is an amorphous polymer with high thermal stability, optical transparency and a low dielectric constant. Usage: PNB can absorb very large amounts of
Silicone-Rubber (MQ, PMQ, PVMQ, VMQ)
Description: Polysiloxane is a normally odorless and non-toxic material that is stable within a wide range of temperature. It features good resistance to sunlight, ozone
ASTM D471-06e1
Title: Standard Test Method for Rubber Property -Effect of Liquids Category: Elastomer Please note: Complete standard sheets are made available by Beuth Verlag.
Polyethylenesuccinate (PES)
Description: A polybutylene succinate produced from blown film has large anisotropy of the tensile strength between the longitudinal and transverse directions and is characterized by
FAM A
Description: Testing fuel for determining permeation and resistance properties in general. Composition: 50 Vol.% Toluene 30 Vol.% Isooctane 15 Vol.% Diisobutylene 5 Vol.% Ethyl alcohol
Catalyst
Description: A substance accelerating normally slow-running chemical or biochemical reactions is called catalyst. The catalyst is never consumed during the reaction so there is always
Acrylic glass
Description: Collective name for organic acrylic glasses composed of polymethacrylates, which are produced by polymerisation and additional extrusion and injection molding. They feature high transparency
Glass transition temperature (Tg)
Description: Specific temperature at which amorphous or partly crystalline polymers pass from the solid state into the liquid phase. When reaching the glass transition temperature,
Semipermeable
Description: The term “semipermeable” means half diaphanous. It is often used regarding membrane properties and contains the meaning of “selective permeable”. Semipermeability means that a
M 25
Description: Testing fuel for determining permeation and resistance properties in general. Composition: 75 vol% Fuel C 25 vol% Methanol Category:Testing Fuel
Polysulfone (PSU)
Description: PSU, an amorphous thermoplastic, belongs to the family of high temperature resistant polymers and contains sulfone (-SO2-) and ether (-O-) functions between the partly
Ethylene-Acrylate Copolymer (EAR)
Descpription: Copolymer composed of ethylene and methacrylate containing carboxylic side groups (COOH). The properties of EAR include excellent resistance to ozone and an extraordinary energy
ISO
Description: ISO = International Organisation for Standardisation ISO is a network of the national standards institutes of 156 countries, on the basis of one member
Chemical
Description: Chemical compounds that produced by chemical methods are called chemicals. They are produced in laboratories, the chemical industry and bioreacors. Category:Definition
Polyethyleneterephthalate (PET)
Description: PET is often just called polyester. The material is hard and stiff, rigid, resistant to deformation and only little water-absorbant. PET features a good
Laminate
Usage: Floor covering, protective sealings, printed circuit boards, canvas, several material grades Category:Definition
Retentat
Description: During a permeation rate measurement, the retentat is the depleated particle stream that leaves the separated measuring cell (see also: permeat = loaded particle
Fuel
Description: Fuels are materials emitting technically usable energy while they are burned.Examples for solid fuels: Wood Carbon Nuclear fuels (like uranium or plutonium) Wax Examples
Polycarbonates (PC)
Description: Linear structured polyesters of the carbonic acid which combine many properties of metals, glass and plastics. They are transparent and feature a very good
Polysulfide rubber (SR)
Description: SR is produced by reaction of sodium polysulfide with an organic dichloride. The result is a product with outstanding resistance to oils, greases and
Butadiene-Rubber (BR)
Description: This plastic the monomers of which are existant in form of a colorless, specificly and intesivly smelling gas is hardly soluble in water but
Polyisobutylene (butyl rubber)
Descpription: Polyisobutylene is obtained by cationic polymerisation of isobutene with boric trifluoride as cataylitic agent at temperatures below -50°C in form of either viscous oils,
Nafion (copolymer made from PTFE and perflourinated Monomer)
Description: Nafion is a copolymer of tetrafluoroethylene (Teflon) and perfluoro-3,6-dioxa-4-methyl-7-octene-sulfonic acid. Like Teflon, Nafion is highly resistant to chemical attack, but the presence of its
Permeation measurement cell
Description: A permeation measurement cell is a testing unit for permeation rate measurements. The actual process of permeation takes place in this cell: The solid
Chloroprene-Rubber (CR)
Description: Although CR combines many preferable properties, none of these reach peak values. In general, it features good mechanical qualities. At low temperatures, CR undergoes
Poly-Acrylic-Nitrile (PAN)
Descpription: Produced by radical polymerisation of acrylic nitrile, PAN is a plastic which is insoluble in water. It has a density of 1.16 to 1.19
Ethylen-Acrylate-rubber (AEM)
Description: Covers a wide range of temperature, good heat-resistance. Shows a very good flexibility at low temperatures. The structure of AEM is comparable to the
Poly-Ether-Ether-Ketone (PEEK)
Description: This thermoplastic features the following properties: mechanical strength, stiffness, hardness, high durability at high temperatures, good resistance to chemicals and a consistent low flammability
Polybutylene-Terephthalate (PBT)
Description: This semi-cyrstalline, white or whiteish looking polyester composed of dimethyl-therephthalate and butanediole can be compared to polyethylene-therephthalate (PET) concerning its composition as well as
Polymer characterisation
Description: This process means the determining the composition of a certain material (in this case: a polymer) in order to characterise its different properties such
TF 2
Description: Testing fuel for determining permeation and resistance properties in general. Composition: 92,5 vol% Fuel C 5 vol% Methanol 2,5 vol% Ethanol Category:Testing Fuel
Ion
Descpription: An ion is an atom or molecule which carries a positive or a negative charge. The charge is caused by a lack or an
Ethylene-Vinyl-Acetate-Copolymers (EVA)
Description: Both monomers can be copolymerised in any proportion. Products containing less than 30 mass percent of ethylene are partly crystalline and thermoplastic, those containing
Polyvinylfluoride (PVF)
Description: Polyvinylfluoride (PVF) is a fluorine-containing polymer. PVF is a thermoplastic and belongs to the fluorine synthetic class of polymers. By polymerizationreaction the vinylfluoirde molecules
Isoprene-Rubber (polyisoprene IR)
Description: Being a sythetic natural rubber, IR is very similar to NR but can be produced more evenly and purely. Usage: IR is mostly blended
Tetrafluoroethylene-Hexafluoropropylene-Copolymer (FEP)
Description: Since 1988 FEP is the abbreviate form for coplymers consisting of tetrafluoroethylene (TFE) and hexafluoropropylene (HFP). FEP is a thermoplastic copolymer, which is characterized
Epichlorohydrin-Rubber (CO and ECO; CO = homopolymer; ECO = copolymer)
Description: Amine-cross-linking, thermal resistance up to +135°C, CO is only flexible at low temperatures down to -15°C, little swelling in oil and benzine, resistant to
Polyester (general)
Description: A general characterisation is impractical because of the wide range of possible modifications. The production of polyesters is done by linking the monomers via
Diffusion coefficient
Description: The diffusion coefficient characterises the thermal migration of molecules within a certain material.SI-Unit (m2/s). Category:Definition
Gas seperation
Description: Basically, there are two methods usable for seperating gases: separation by membranes (view also: permeability) using membrane contractors whereas the membran itself takes no
Composite Hose
Description: A hose consisting of several material layers. The material combination provides optimisation of permeation properties (resp. density) and chemical resistance. Usage: Protective hoses (for
Bromine-butyl-Rubber (BIIR)
Description: Linear-structured, gel-free copolymer resin made from Isobutylene and quite small amounts of Isoprene. Usage: Used in tire industry, for heat-resistant tubes an in rubber-processing
Polypropylene (PP)
Description: This polymer made of propylene has a structure similar to the one of PE but each second carbon atom of the backbone is linked
Poly-Vinylacetate
Description: Amorphous, flavourless and odourless plastic which is obtained by radical polimerisation or, on a large scale, by emulsifying polymerisation of acidic acid vinyl ester.
Parylene
Description: Produced by vapor-phase-polymerisation of p-xylene. The main component is Parylene-N (poly-p-xylylene), a highly criystalline material with a linear structure. Usage: Encapsulating of electronic and
Jet Fuel RF
Description: Also called “AMS 2629 Type I”. Testing fuel for determining permeation and resistance properties in general. Composition: 31% (by weight) Toluene 34% (by weight)
TF 3
Description: Testing fuel for determining permeation and resistance properties in general. Composition: 10 vol% Methyl-tert-butylether (MTBE) 90 vol% Fuel C Category:Testing Fuel
Hygroscopic
Descpription: The word “hygroscopic” is a technical term used in chemistry and physics. Hygroscopic materials are water-attracting substances. Those substances show the tendency to bind
Polychlorinated Terphenylenes (PCT)
Descpription: Transparent, amporphous copolyester (synthetic resin) composed of cyclohexylene-dimethyldiole and therephthalic acid featureing a very good resistance to high tempertures. Usage: Bags Formula: Category:Thermoplastic
Styrene-Butadiene-Copolymer (SB)
Description: SB (SBR = styrene-butadiene-rubber) consists of Butadiene and more than 50% Styrene. They feature good transparency and resilience and can be easily processed. Usage:
DIN
Description: DIN = German Institute for Standardization (registered association) German institute, responsible for standardisation and developing German Standards. It represents German interests at international and
Fuel Cell Technology
Description: Fuel cell technology is concerned with developing fuel cells for efficient production of energy. Compared to other energy sources, fuel cells have a very
Polyimide (PI)
Description: Normally inmeltable, often amber-colored and highly temperature-resistant high-performance polymer consisting mainly of aromatic molecules. Polyimides feature excellent high-temperature properties as well as an extraordinary
Polyesterurethane (AU)
Description: AU is a high-molecular organic material the structure of which is marked by a high number of Urethane-groups. Within defined ranges of temperature, Polyurethane
Bisphenol A
Description: Industrial chemical, frequently used source material vor synthesis; white to light brown flakes or powder Usage: Important source material for a variety
Polyamide-Imide (PAI)
Description: PAIs are amorphous high-performance polymers with linear structured, mainly aromatic molecules and a high heat resistance. They feature good high-temperature-properties as well as a
Ethylene-Chlorotrifluoroethylene-Fluorocopolymer (ECTFE)
Description: ECTFE is a fluorinecopolymer, which consists of ethylene and chlorotrifluoroethylene (CTFE). This partially fluorinated, semi-crystalline fluorinecopolymer offers a unique combination between mechanical properties, chemical
Ethylene-Tetrafluoroethylene-Hexafluoropropylene-Fluoroterpolymer (EFEP)
Description: EFEP is a transparent terpolymer, which is consisting of ethylene, tetrafluoroethylene (TFE) and hexafluoropropylene (HFP). Due to his resistance to atmospheric corrosion and his
Polyetherimide (PEI)
Description: Amorphous, transparent, amber-colored high-performance thermoplatic with a cyclic structure, containing aromatic diethers, dianhydrides and aromatic diamines. Compared to PEEK, it is less temperature-resistant and
Polyketone (PK)
Description: Aliphatic polymers composed of carbon monoxide, ethylene and minor amounts of other aliphatic olefines. This unique new family of semi-crystalline polymers features many properties
Multilayer film
Description: Multi-layer-foils are thermoplastic plaxtic films composed of two or more combined, different or similar, layers. The layers are put together e.g. by coextrusion or
Styrene-Butadiene-Block-Copolymer (SBS)
Descpription: SBS are produced by anionic polymerisation whereat each block is built up by gradual addition of the monomers. Main properties of SBS are good
Ethylene–Tetrafluoroethylene-Fluorocopolymer (ETFE)
Description: E/TFE is a semi-crystalline, transparent and thermoplastic fluorinecopolymer, which is characterised by resistance to chemicals, good mechanical properties and good resistance to atmospheric corrosion.
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