Natural Rubber (NR)
Description: Natural product extracted from hevea brasiliensis; the cultivation is done on plantations in Malaysia, Indonesia, Kenia and Brasil. The extraction process includes the drawing
Encyclopedia
Within our encyclopedia, you will find information about materials, especially polymers. Polymers, known from daily use or application specific polymers with special properties are introduced and, if available, publicated with producing companies and their tradenames.
Additionally, our encyclopedia contains explanations for terms, methods, concepts and physical quantities that we are daily faced with during our work with permeation and polymers.
A
Acidic Acrylic-acid-ionomers of ethyleneAcrylate-rubber (ACM)Acrylic-Butadiene-Styrene-copolymers (ABS)Acrylic glassAcrylic-nitrile-Butadiene-Rubber (Buna-N) (NBR)Acrylic-nitrile-Methyl-Acrylate-copolymers (AMA)Acrylic-nitrile-Styrene-Acrylic-ester-polymer-alloy (ASA) Activation energy Arrhenius equation ASTM
B
Barrier Barrier Coating Barrier Packaging BiotechnologyBisphenol ABromine-butyl-Rubber (BIIR) Butadiene-Rubber (BR)
C
CALIBRATING FLUID II , MIL-PRF-7024F TYPE II
Carboxylated-Nitrile-Butadiene-Rubber (XNBR)Catalysis CatalystCellulose Acetate (CA)ChemicalChemistryChlorine-Sulfonated-Polyethylene (CSM or CSPE)Chloro-isobutene-isoprene rubber (Chlorobutyl Rubber, CIIR) Chloroprene-Rubber (CR)Combinatorial chemistry Composite Composite HoseCyclic Olefine Copolymers (COC)
D
DiffusionDiffusion coefficient Diffusion rate DIN Drying of gases
E
E-85 FuelEpichlorohydrin-Rubber (CO and ECO; CO = homopolymer; ECO = copolymer)Epoxy Resins (EP)Ethylene-Acrylate Copolymer (EAR)Ethylene-Acrylate-rubber (AEM)Ethylene-Acrylic-Acid-copolymer (EAA)Ethylene-Chlorotrifluoroethylene-Fluorocopolymer (ECTFE)Ethylene-Propylene-(Diene-)Rubber (EPM and EPDM; EPM = copolymer; EPDM = terpolymer) Ethylene–Tetrafluoroethylene-Fluorocopolymer (ETFE) Ethylene-Tetrafluoroethylene-Hexafluoropropylene-Fluoroterpolymer (EFEP)Ethylene-Vinyl-Acetate-Copolymers (EVA) Ethylene-Vinyl-Alcohol-Copolymer (EVOH)
F
Facilitated DiffusionFAM A FAM BFeedFFKM (Perfluorinated rubber) FKM (Fluoroelastomers) FluorelastomersFluoropolymers Fluororubber (FPM) Fluoro-Silicone-Rubbers (MFQ or FVMQ)Foamable polystyrene (EPS) FuelFuel C Fuel Cell TechnologyFuel Tank TechnologyFunctionalised Polymers
G
Gas seperation Glass transition temperature (Tg) Granule
H
High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) High-Density-Polyethylene, HDPE (hard PE)Hydrogenated Polyacrylic-Nitrile Butadiene (HNBR)- EPM (copolymer); EPDM (terpolymer)Hygroscopic
I
Ion ISO ISO 4593 ISO/DIS 15105-1Isobutene-Isoprene-Rubber (IIR) Isoprene-Rubber (polyisoprene IR)
J
Jet Fuel RF
L
LaminateLiquid-Crystal-Polymers (LCP)Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE)
M
M 25Melamine-Formaldehyde (MF)MembraneMIL-C-7024E, Typ III Multilayer film
N
Nafion (copolymer made from PTFE and perflourinate Monomer)Natural Rubber (NR)
P
Parylene Perflourated-dimethyl-dioxole/Tetraflourinated-ethylene-copolymer (PDD/TFE)Permeability Permeat Permeation cell Permeation coefficient Permeation measurement cell Permeation ratePermeation rate measurement Permeation tubePhenolic plastics, phenoplastic moulding compounds (PF)Polyacetal or Polyoxymethylene (POM) Poly-acrylic-acid Poly-acrylic-acid-amidePoly-Acrylic-Nitrile (PAN) Polyamide (PA) Polyamide-Imide (PAI) Polyarylate (PAR)Poly-Benzimidazole (PBI) Polybutene (Polybutylene, PB) Polybutylene-Terephthalate (PBT) Polycarbonates (PC) Polychlorinated Terphenylenes (PCT)Polychloroprene (CR) Polychlorotrifluoroethylene (PCTFE) Polycyclohexylenedimethylene-Ethylene-Terephthalat Polyester (general)Polyesterurethane (AU) Polyether-Block-Amide (PEBA) Poly-Ether-Ether-Ketone (PEEK) Polyetherimide (PEI) Polyethersulfone (PESU) Polyetherurethane (EU) Polyethylene (PE) Polyethyleneglycol Polyethylenenaphthalate (PEN) Polyethylenesuccinate (PES) Polyethyleneterephthalate (PET)Polyimide (PI)Polyisobutylene (Butyl rubber) Polyketone (PK)PolymerPolymer alloyPolymer-Blend Polymer characterisation Poly-Methyl-Methacrylate (PMMA)Polynorbornene (PNB)Polyorganophosphazene (PPZ) Poly-Phenylene-oxide (PPO) Poly-Phenylene-sulfide (PPS) Polypropylene (PP) Polystyrene (PS)Polysulfide rubber (SR) Polysulfone (PSU) Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Polyurethane-Foam (PUR) Poly-Vinylacetate Poly-Vinylalcohol (PVA) Poly-Vinylchloride (PVC) Polyvinylfluoride (PVF) Poly-Vinylidene-Chloride (PVDC) Polyvinylidenefluoride (PVDF)Pouch Method
R
Resin Retentat RFID
S
SemipermeableSilicone (SI) <a title="Silicone rubbers can be used for a
Polymer-Blend
Description: A polymer blend is a mixture of two or more polymeres. The polymers are mixtured in order to optimise the polymer properties such as
Polyether-Block-Amide (PEBA)
Description: PEBA owns rubber-like properties but can be processed just like common thermoplastics. Usages: Being both an elastomer and a thermoplastic, PEBA onwns rubber-like properties
Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE)
Description: The LDPE polymer is largely branched, which forces the molecules to be packed rather loosely. The result is a plastic material with a low
DIN 53536:1992-10
Title: Testing of rubber; determination of gas permeability Category: Elastomer Please note: Complete standard sheets are made available by Beuth Verlag.
Silicone (SI)
Description: SIs are very resistant to chemical substances and UV-radiation as well as highly permeable for gases. Their natural colour includes shades of white and
Permeat
Descpription: The stream of particles migrating through a material during the permeation process is called permeat. Category:Definition
Fluoro-Silicone-Rubbers (MFQ or FVMQ)
Description: Nomenclature: MFQ according to ISO 1629 (“Rubber and latices – Nomenclature”) or FVMQ according to ASTM 1418 (“Practice for Rubber and Rubber Latices —
Acrylic-Butadiene-Styrene-copolymers (ABS)
Descpription: ABS consist of a framing phase of Styrene-Acrylnitrile-Copolymer (SAN) in which an elastic Phase of butadiene-homo- or copolymers is dispersed. The coherent SAN-Matrix provides
Biotechnology
Descpription: Biotechnology is a engineering application of Biology and Biochemistry, including e.g. the process of cloning and the use of genetic engineering in order to
Poly-Vinylalcohol (PVA)
Description: PVA is synthesised either by polymerisation-analogue reactions or on a large scale by transesterification and hydrolysis of vinylacetates in alkaline media (preferred solvent: methanol).
Styrene-Acrylic-Nitrile-Copolymer (SAN)
Description: Copolymer composed of aprox. 70% styrene and 30% acrylic nitrile. Usage: housewares medical parts electronic parts Formulas: Category:Thermoplastic
Permeation cell
Description: In a permeation cell the process of permeation takes place under precisely defined conditions. (Cf. permeation measurement cell) Category:Definition
Granule
Description: A solid substance with such a granularity allowing to easily drain the material and causing the grains to hardly be stuck together is called
Poly-Vinylchloride (PVC)
Description: Available as hard or soft modification, this polymer features a good resistance to oils (except essential oils) and mostly very low permeability rates for
Resin
Description: According to DIN 55958, resins are fluid to solid organic compounds with a typical allocation of molar masses. A distinction is drawn between natural
Polyvinylidenefluoride (PVDF)
Description: PVDF is a semi-crystalline fluoroplastic and belongs the thermoplastic materials. (PVDF is not injection-mouldable). It is characterised by a outstanding durability in a chemical
Hydrogenated Polyacrylic-Nitrile Butadiene (HNBR)- EPM (copolymer); EPDM (terpolymer)
Description: Swelling in oil an benzine comparable to the one of NBR. operational temperatures up to +150°C, high tensile strengh, resistant to weather. Usage: tubes
Fuel Tank Technology
Description: Technology concerned with optimising and developing fuel tanks. The main focus of interest here lies on properties such as density, mobility, (heat and air)
Barrier
Description: Layer of material, e.g. a polymer or a film, carrying very low permeability for gases, vapors and fluids. Depending on permeation properties, different materials
Polyethylenenaphthalate (PEN)
Description: Polyester which is very similar to PET but more temperature-resistant. PEN is a semi-crystalline and transparent plastic with an either crystal-clear or sometimes slightly
RFID
Description: Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is a method for contactless reading and saving data. This system was originally developed in order to substitute the identification
Polyethyleneglycol
Description: These plastics are produced by cationic or anionic polymersation of ethyleneoxide. Depending on their molecular weight, they are obtained in form of either colourless,
Permeability
Descpription: The specific permeability of a material determines the migration rate of another substance through the pores and gaps of the material. The rate depends
Polyamide (PA)
Description: PAs are a group of semi-cyrstalline engineering thermoplastics which are quite similar to each other. They are produced by polimersing linear structured aliphatic or,
Membrane
Descpription: A membrane is a thin, skin-like seperating layer. In chemistry one uses membranes for separating two environments (in contrast to swinging membranes used in
Ethylene-Acrylic-Acid-copolymer (EAA)
Descpription: Polymer of exceptional adhesion and sealing, uncommon toughness and flexibility. Easy processing possible. Category:Copolymer Formula:
Diffusion rate
Description: The diffusion rate measures the spreading of microscopic particles within fluids or gases through (semi-)permeable barriers. Category:Definition
Thermoplastic
Beschreibung: Thermoplastics are engineering plastics which are solid at room temperature and which can repeatedly be softened and re-hardened by increasing and decrasing temperature. Category:Definition
Vinylidenefluoride-Chlorotrifluoroethylene-Fluoropolymer (VDF/CTFE)
Description: VDF/CTFE is a fluorinecopolymer consisting of vinylidenenfluoride and chlorotrifluoroethylene. This special thermoplastic fluorinepolymer is characterized by an excellent flexibility, a high notches impact strength
Permeation coefficient
Description: The permeation coefficient indicates permeability of a solid for a certain substance with respect to a unified thickness. It can be computed by multiplying
Arrhenius equation
Description: Describes temperature dependency of (chemical) reaction speed, given the specific activation energy and the chance of a successful molecule collision. Category:Definition Formula:
Fuel C
Description: Testing fuel for determining permeation and resistance properties in general. Composition: 50Vol.% Isooctane 50Vol.% Toluene Category: Testing Fuel
Synthetical Resin
Description: Synthetically manufactured, fluid or solid material with all the characteristics of resins defined in DIN 55958 (cf. resin). Synthetical resins are produced from polymerisation
Combinatorial chemistry
Description: Combinatorial chemistry means the sysnthesis of compounds by taking into account all possible combinations of the reagents. The principle involves reactions with raw material
Vinylidenefluoride Hexafluorobutylene Fluorocopolymer (VDF/hexafluorobutylene)
Description: Thermoplastic fluorocopolymer consisting of vinylidenefluoride and hexafluorobutylene. This copolymer is also established as CM-X. Category:Thermoplastic
Catalysis
Description: The catalysis is a chemical reaction involving the presence of a catalyst. A distinction is drawn between homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis: Homogeneous catalysis means,
Styrene-Butadiene-Rubber (SBR)
Description: SBR features poor elasticity properties. When dynamically loaded, SBR undergoes a broad inner heating. Compared to that, SBR has a clearly improved abrasion resistance
Liquid-Crystal-Polymers (LCP)
Description: In principle, LCPs are composites consisting of an organig matrix in which fibers of the same kind of polymer are implemented. They feature
Polycyclohexylenedimethylene-Ethylene-Terephthalat
Description: The most important properties of this thermoplastic gained of cyclohexylendimethylenediole, ethyleneglycole and therephthalic acid are: hardness, an enourmous impact-strength and resistance to chemical substances,
Vinylfluoride Tetrafluoroethylene Fluorocopolymer (VF/TFE)
Description: Thermoplastic fluorocopolymer consisting of vinylfluoride and tetrafluoroethylene. Formula: Category:Thermoplastic
Poly-acrylic-acid
Description: Plastic that is produced by peroxide-catalysed polymerisation of acrylic acid in aqueous solution or by hydrolysing poly-acrylic-acid-chloride or poly-acrylic-amide. Pure poly-acrylic-acid can be obtained
FFKM (perfluorinated rubber)
Description: Perfluorinated elastomers (FFKM’s) are elastic sealing-materials with a natural rest capacitiy, as well as good adaptation-properties to seal surfaces with equal chemical resistance to
High-Density-Polyethylene, HDPE (hard PE)
Description: Half crystalline, whitish, half transparent functional thermoplastic with properties similar to those of low-density-PE (LDPE, soft PE). In contrast to LDPE, HDPE is significatnly
Polymer alloy
Description: Polymer blend of actually immiscible polymers, whereby miscibility was reached during the blending process. (Cf. Polymer blend) Category:Definition
Poly-acrylic-acid-amide
Description: Produced by radical polymerisation of acrylic amide in aqueous solution, poly-acrylic-acid-amide can be obtained as a white, odorless powder. It is well soluble in
Fluoropolymers
Description: The most useful properties of the fluoroploymeres are due to the fluorineatoms, which can be found in the polymerchain. Fluorine is the most electronegative
Activation energy
Descpription: Energy needed by a system to initiate a particular process, such as diffusion or a chemical reaction. It can be described using the Arrhenius
FAM B
Description: Testing fuel for determining permeation and resistance properties in general. Composition: 84,5 Vol.% FAM A 15 Vol.% Methyl alcohol 0,5 Vol.% Water Category: Testing
Thermoplastic Polybutadiene-Elastomer (TPE)
Description: A widespread family of rubber-like materials that – in contrast to common vulcanised rubbers – can be processed and recycled just as thermoplastics. Usage:
Fluoroelastomers
Description: The American guideline ASTM D1418 (American Society for Testing and Materials) categorizes the fluoroelastomers into three subgroups: FKM (fluorocarbon elastomer) FFKM (perfluorinated elastomers) FVMQ
Polytetrafluorethylen (PTFE)
Description: PTFE (also called “Teflon”) is a non-inflammable plastic that is completely insoluble and inswellable within any type of solvent. It is resistant to all
Thermoset
Description: Plastic which can be transformed into a hard, vitually unmeltable and insoluble product by heating or using other methods. The term “thermoset” comprises both
Poly-Methyl-Methacrylate (PMMA)
Description: Amourphos, transparent and colorless high-perfomance thermoplastic which is both hard and rigid but also refractory and notch-sensitive. PMMA features a good resistance to grinding
High Density Polyethylene (HDPE)
Description: HDPE shows no or little branchings, so that the molecules are densely packed. In consequence, the resulting polymer features a rigid structure. Usage: bottles
Poly-Phenylene-sulfide (PPS)
Description: PPS is a highly crystalline, linear structured thermoplastic composed of alternating sulfur atoms and phenylene rings in a para substitution pattern. This means that
Tetrafluoroethylene-Perfluorodimethyldioxole-Fluorocopolymer (TFE/PDD)
Description: TFE/PDD is a thermoplastic, amorphous fluorocopolymer, which is also known under the name TEFLON®AF by DuPont. TFE/PDD is a copolymer consists of tetrafluoroethylene (TFE)
Tetrafluoroethylene-Perfluorovinylsulfonicacid-Fluorocopolymer (TFE/PVS)
Description: TFE/PVS is modified PTFE and was produced first-time by DuPont. It is a thermoplastic fluoropolymer, which consists of tetrafluoroethylene (TFE) and perfluorovinylsulfonicacid. TFE/PVS was
Cellulose Acetate (CA)
Description: Produced by adding the acetyl radical of the acetic acid to cellulose (available as cotton- or wood-fibers). The result is a robust plastic
Phenolic plastics, phenoplastic moulding compounds (PF)
Description: Also called “phenol resins”; phenol plastics have been the first fully synthetically produced plastics. They are duroplasts made up by polycondensation. They feature high
Acrylic-nitrile-Styrene-Acrylic-ester-polymer-alloy (ASA)
Description: Acrylic-modified, transparent and highly weather-resistant rubber thermoplastic with good chemical stability, resilience and stiffness; features antistatic properties. Usage: Building and recreational application, vehicle construction
Isobutene-Isoprene-Rubber (IIR)
Description: Butyl-rubber only features moderate mechanical qualities and has a high inner absorbability. In contrast to that, it features a good resistance to weather and
Vinylidenefluoride Trifluoroethylene Fluorocopolymer (VDF/TrFE)
Description: Thermoplastic fluorocopolymer constisting of vinylidenefluoride and trifluoroethylene Formula: Category:Thermoplastic
DIN EN 1330-8:1998-07
Title: Non-destructive testing – Terminology – Part 8: Terms used in leak tightness testing; Trilingual version EN 1330-8:1998 Category: Definition Please note: Complete standard sheets
Polyethersulfone (PESU)
Descpription: Amorphous, transparent, light-amber-colored high-performance thermoplastic. PESU features a little resistance to pressure and has a tendency towards forming stress cracks. Its resistance to thermal
Ultra Low Density Polyethylene (ULDPE)
Description: Ultra- and very low density polyethylene are linear structured polyethylenes with a density lower than 0,880g per inch. These semi-crystalline (i.e. normally 50% crystalline),
Feed
Description: The alloy of gases that is fed as test gas into one half of the permeation measuring cell is called “feed”. Category:Definition
Tetrafluorinated ethylene (TFE)
Description: Thermoplastic of milky white color that feels like wax. Because of its special properties, this material has a unique position compared to other thermoplastics.View
MIL-C-7024E, Typ III
Description: Also called “MIL-C-7024D”. Testing fuel for determining permeation and resistance properties in general. Composition: up to 90% (by weight) C10-C15 Isoalkanes Depending on amount
Cyclic Olefine Copolymers (COC)
Descpription: COC are polymers composed of ethylene and norbornene-groups. The norbornene is randomly spread throughout the polymer backbone. Category:Copolymer Formula:
Tetrafluoroethylene-Perfluoropropylevinylether-Fluorocopolymer (PFA)
Description: PFA is a semi-crystalline, perfluorinated copolymer, which consists of tetrafluoroethylene (TFE) and perfluoropropylvinylether. Due to the high fluorine fraction in the copolymer, PFA has
Poly-Benzimidazole (PBI)
Description: PBI does not melt and is non-inflammable; it retains its fabric integrity and lissomeness even when having direct contact with flames. Usage: High-performance
Polyorganophosphazene (PPZ)
Description: PPZ is an example of a new class of polymeric materials involving inorganic chains. Its main characteristics are fire resistance, good weatherability as well
Polychlorotrifluoroethylene (PCTFE)
Description: PCTFE is made from chlorotrifluoroethylene by suspension-polymerization or by emulsion-polymerization with a redox-indicator or a peroxide as starting reagent. PCTFE is a semi-crystalline thermoplastic.
Foamable polystyrene (EPS)
Description: Foaming agent is n-pentane. For other details on polysterene see the respective link (polystyrene, PS). Category:Thermoplastic
Drying of gases
Description: An appropriate way of drying gases is to dry them dynamically. Gases with a very high humidity are pre-dried using high-capacity drying agents. Category:Definition
Polyacetal or Polyoxymethylene (POM)
Description: POM is produced in both variants the homopolymer as well as the copolymer. Both types are hard, impact resisting and rigid polymers with an
FKM (Fluoroelastomers)
Description: Fluorocarbon elastomers are highly fluorinated, carbon based polymers, which resist to chemical attacks and ozone. The service temperature lies between –20°C and 204°C, temporary
ASTM D814-95(2005)
Title: Standard Test Method for Rubber Property – Vapor Transmission of Volatile Liquids Category:Elastomer Please note: Complete standard sheets are made available by Beuth Verlag.
Polyurethane-Foam (PUR))
Beschreibung: PUR is produced by polyaddition out of a homogene mixture of polyols and diisocyanate. There are different types with either rigid, cross-linked or solid
Barrier Packaging
Description: Barrier Packaging is a packaging with very low permeability for possibly interfering materials (e.g. air). Popular applications e.g. are packagings for food (in order
Chloro-isobutene-isoprene rubber (Chlorobutyl Rubber, CIIR)
Usage: This halobutyl rubber is used for articles needing low permeability to gases and liquids, e.g. tire inner liners, hoses, certain types of seals, membranes
Polyarylate (PAR)
Description: Amorphous thermoplastic based on therephtalic acid, phthalic acid and bisphenole A groups implemented in the polymer chain; PAR is a weather resistant, partly aromatic
Polystyrene (PS)
Description: PS consists of polymerised styrene monomers with or without functional groups. It is strong, rigid, refractory and very notch-sensitive polymer that features an excellent
Permeation Rate Measurement
Description: Permeation measuring means the process of determining the permeation rate of a certain substance. That means measuring, how much of the permeate per time
ASTM
Description: ASTM = American Society for Testing and Materials Standard development organisation, providing international standards for materials, products, systems, and services. Category:Definition
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Dr. Andreas Konrad